If you’re car shopping, you may come across a term you’re unfamiliar with — CVT transmission. This technology is becoming more widespread, especially among Asian automakers.
But what exactly is a CVT and how does it work? Is it better than a conventional automatic transmission?
Here’s an in-depth look at continuously variable transmissions, their pros and cons, and what vehicles offer CVT gearboxes.
What Does CVT Stand For?
CVT stands for continuously variable transmission. It’s an automatic transmission that uses a pulley and belt system rather than traditional fixed gears.
Instead of shifting through a set series of gear ratios, a CVT smoothly adjusts its pulleys to provide an infinite number of ratios within a range. This allows the engine to operate at peak efficiency.
How a CVT Transmission Works
A CVT uses V-shaped pulleys connected by a metal belt rather than gears:
- Input pulley — Connected to the engine. It can vary its width to adjust the belt position, changing the input ratio.
- Output pulley — Connected to the wheels. Varying its width changes the output ratio.
To adjust gear ratios, the pulleys widen or narrow to move the belt along the cones. This seamless change in diameter allows an infinite number of ratios optimized for engine efficiency.
A CVT also contains a hydraulic system to actuate the pulleys and a computer to determine optimal ratios.
CVT vs Automatic Transmission
Here’s how CVTs differ from conventional automatics:
Discrete Gears
- Automatic — Uses fixed gears with set ratios (4–8 depending on model)
- CVT — Provides unlimited ratios within a range for maximum efficiency
Shifting Feel
- Automatic — Shifts can be felt as gears change
- CVT — Accelerates smoothly without shift sensation
Performance
- Automatic — Quick acceleration using optimal gear ratios
- CVT — Provides efficient cruising but can feel underpowered during rapid acceleration
Fuel Economy
- Automatic — Solid fuel efficiency but CVT can be up to 5–8% better
- CVT — Maximizes mpg by keeping engine rpm in sweet spot
In summary, CVTs offer better fuel economy while automatics have more responsive acceleration. Drivers often compare the CVT feel to a slipping clutch.
CVT Fuel Economy Advantages
One of the biggest reasons automakers have adopted CVT technology is the notable jump in fuel efficiency:
- Optimized for efficiency — The CVT keeps the engine precisely at the most efficient rpm for a given speed. This reduces wasted energy between shifts.
- Less powertrain loss — With only 2 pulleys and a belt, the CVT has lower parasitic losses than a gearbox. This requires less engine power.
- Lower weights — Lightweight pulleys allow a CVT transmission to weigh ~15–20% less than a conventional automatic. This further boosts economy.
The EPA estimates CVT models surpass equivalent automatics by 5–8 mpg on average. However, real world results depend on driving style and conditions.
The Pros and Cons of CVT Transmissions
Like any technology, CVT gearboxes have both advantages and disadvantages:
CVT Pros
- Superior fuel efficiency
- Smoother, jerk-free acceleration
- Simple pulley system with fewer parts to break
- Improved drivability thanks to optimized ratios
CVT Cons
- Less responsive handling of rapid acceleration
- Higher slippage under heavy load reduces durability
- Unusual engine drone sound with extended high rpm
- More expensive to manufacture than convential automatics
Reliability concerns due to early CVT failures scared some consumers. But durability has improved significantly in the last 5–10 years as carmakers refined the technology.
CVT Reliability Concerns
While CVT reliability has increased, there are still a few concerns to know:
- Overheating — Excessive belt slippage creates heat. Effective cooling systems are essential.
- Wear and tear — Friction on the belt from torque and high rpm wears components quicker without proper maintenance.
- Fluid changes — Transmission fluid breaks down faster in a CVT and needs replacement more frequently.
Following the owner’s manual fluid change schedule (typically every 30,000–60,000 miles) greatly improves longevity. Modern CVTs can easily achieve 150,000+ miles with proper maintenance.
What Cars Have CVT Transmissions?
Many automakers use CVT technology, especially among their smaller, economy models:
- Nissan — The early adopter of modern CVTs in the 1990s. Used across most of their lineup.
- Subaru — Began implementing CVT gearboxes in 2010 models. Now the default transmission for most models.
- Toyota — Uses CVTs instead of automatics on models like the Corolla, Prius, and RAV4.
- Honda — Offers CVT transmissions as an option on vehicles like the Civic, Accord, and CR-V.
Other manufacturers utilizing CVT gearboxes include:
- Mitsubishi
- Mazda
- Hyundai/Kia
- Volkswagen
- Dodge Caliber
Consult the spec sheet when car shopping to see if a CVT is equipped. Reviewers have found Honda and Toyota to be among the better executions.
Should You Buy a Car With a CVT Transmission?
For — Consider a CVT if you prioritize fuel efficiency over sporty acceleration. CVTs work well for modest everyday driving.
Against — Skip a CVT if you dislike the unusual engine drone noise or need towing capacity. Performance enthusiasts may still prefer automatics.
Test drive a CVT model to see if its smooth delivery aligns with your driving preferences. Given the improved durability of modern CVTs, they can be a practical option for many buyers seeking maximum mpg.
Key Takeaways on CVT Transmissions
- Uses a pulley and belt system to provide unlimited ratios compared to fixed gears
- Maximizes fuel efficiency by keeping engine rpm in the optimal range
- Provides smooth acceleration but can feel underpowered during rapid speedup
- Avoid overheating and change transmission fluid regularly to improve longevity
- Offered on many mainstream economy vehicles, especially from Asian brands
While not ideal for all drivers, CVT tech benefits continue to outweigh shortcomings as dependability improves. Give it consideration when shopping for your next fuel efficient vehicle.
FAQs
What is a CVT transmission?
A CVT (continuously variable transmission) is a type of automatic transmission that uses a pulley and belt system rather than fixed gears. This allows the CVT to provide unlimited gear ratios within a range for maximum efficiency.
How does a CVT transmission work?
CVTs use pulleys connected by a metal belt to provide smooth, seamless shifting. The pulleys can adjust their width to change the diameter ratios, enabling an infinite number of optimized ratios. This keeps the engine precisely in its most efficient operating range.
What are the advantages of a CVT transmission?
Key CVT advantages include improved fuel economy, smoother acceleration without shift shock, less complexity and fewer parts than convential automatics, and optimized ratios tailored for engine efficiency. Drivers may enjoy the uninterrupted power delivery.
What are the disadvantages of CVT transmissions?
Potential CVT disadvantages include a droning engine noise at high rpm, sluggish acceleration compared to automatics, higher costs, vulnerability to overheating, and shorter lifespan without proper maintenance. Durability has improved greatly in modern CVTs however.
What cars use CVT transmissions?
Many Asian automakers utilize CVT technology, including Nissan, Subaru, Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi, and Kia primarily for smaller, more economical models. Volkswagen and Dodge also offer CVT transmissions on certain vehicles. Check the specs to see if a CVT is equipped.
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